Examples

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({"P": [2, 3, 4], "Q": [5, 6, 7]})

Change the row labels.

df.set_axis(['p', 'q', 'r'], axis='index', inplace=False)

	P	Q
p	2	5
q	3	6
r	4	7

Change the column labels:

df.set_axis(['1', '2'], axis='columns', inplace=False)

	1	2
0	2	5
1	3	6
2	4	7

Let update the labels inplace:

df.set_axis(['I', 'II'], axis='columns', inplace=True)
df

	I	II
0	2	5
1	3	6
2	4	7