Difference between encapsulation and abstraction in Python

Encapsulation vs Abstraction in Python

Encapsulation and abstraction are two fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP). As a result, they play an essential role in the design and structure of classes and objects.

Encapsulation:

Encapsulation is the concept of bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that data into a single unit, known as a class. Direct access to some components of an object is restricted while controlled access is provided through methods. Objects should be designed to hide the internal implementation details and expose only what is needed to interact with them from the outside.

In Python, encapsulation is achieved by using access modifiers like private ('__') and protected ('_') to control the visibility of attributes and methods. However, Python enforces access control through convention rather than strict enforcement.

Abstraction:

Abstraction, on the other hand, is the process of simplifying complex reality by modeling classes based on essential properties and behaviors. It allows you to represent essential features of an object while hiding unnecessary details. It helps manage complexity by separating what an object does (methods) from how it achieves it (implementation details).

In Python, abstraction is often achieved through the use of abstract base classes (ABCs). ABCs define a common interface that subclasses are expected to implement. This allows you to specify what methods must be present in a class without providing a complete implementation.

To sum up the difference:

• Encapsulation emphasizes data hiding and controlled access to attributes and methods within a class. Basically, it's about packaging related data and behavior together and limiting external access to it.
• Abstraction emphasizes the creation of clear and simplified interfaces that hide implementation details. In other words, it's defining a common structure that focuses on what an object does instead of how it does it.

Encapsulation and abstraction contribute to well-structured, maintainable, and understandable code in object-oriented programming.