Linux shell variables
In this session, we have covered how to manage environment variables in the shell. These variables are often needed by applications.
Creating variables
Variables can be created either at the shell or in shell-scripts. Any variable created within a shell script is lost when the script stops executing. A variable created at the prompt, however, will remain in existence until the shell in terminated. The syntax for creating a variable is :
<variable name> = <value>
Note : There will be no spaces on either side of the assignment operator ('=' ).
Following example creates the variable $MyVar and sets its value. It then uses echo (the command is used to display messages on the screen.) to verify the value.
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ MyVar=999
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo $MyVar
999
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$
case sensitive
This example shows that shell variables are case sensitive!
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo Ram $USER
Ram datasoft
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo Ram $user
Ram
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$
quotes
Notice that double quotes still allow the parsing of variables, whereas single quotes prevent this.
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ MyVar=999
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo $MyVar
999
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo "$MyVar"
999
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo '$MyVar'
$MyVar
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$
The bash shell will replace variables with their value in double quoted lines, but not in single quoted lines.
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ city=Delhi
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo "We are in $city today."
We are in Delhi today.
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo 'We are in $city today.'
We are in $city today.
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$
dollar sign($)
Another important character interpreted by the shell is the dollar sign $. The shell will look for an environment variable named like the string following the dollar sign and replace it with the value of the variable (or with nothing if the variable does not exist).
These are some examples using $HOSTNAME, $USER, $UID, $SHELL, and $HOME.
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo This is the $SHELL Datasoft
This is the /bin/bash Datasoft
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo This is the $SHELL on computer $HOSTNAME
This is the /bin/bash on computer datasoft-linux
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo The userid of $user is $UID
The userid of is 1000
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo My homedir is $HOME
My homedir is /home/datasoft
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$
set
You can use the set command to display a list of environment variables. On Ubuntu and Debian systems, the set command will also list shell functions after the shell variables. Use set | more to see the variables then.
unset
Use the unset command to remove a variable from your shell environment.
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ MyVar=1234
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo $MyVar
1234
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ unset MyVar
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$ echo $MyVar
datasoft@datasoft-linux:~/test2$
$PS1
The $PS1 variable determines your shell prompt. You can use backslash escaped special characters like \u for the username or \w for the working directory. The bash manual has a complete reference.
In this example we change the value of $PS1 a couple of times.
datasoft@\c:~/test2$ PS1=Prasanta
Prasanta
PrasantaPS1='prompt'
promptPS1='prompt '
prompt PS1='> '
<
<PS1='\u@\h$ '
datasoft@datasoft-linux$ PS1='\u@\c:\w$'
datasoft@\c:~/test2$
To avoid unrecoverable mistakes, you can set normal user prompts to green and the root prompt to red. Add the following to your .bashrc for a green user prompt:
# color prompt by Datasoft
RED='\[\033[01;31m\] '
WHITE='\[\033[01;00m\] '
GREEN='\[\033[01;32m\] '
BLUE='\[\033[01;34m\] '
export PS1="${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}$GREEN\u$WHITE@$BLUE\h$WHITE\w\$ "
$PATH
The $PATH variable is determines where the shell is looking for commands to execute (unless the command is builtin or aliased). This variable contains a list of full path-names of the directories, separated by colons.
datasoft@\c:~$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games
The shell will not look in the current directory for commands to execute! (Looking for executables in the current directory provided an easy way to hack PC-DOS computers). If you want the shell to look in the current directory, then add a . at the end of your $PATH.
datasoft@\c:~$PATH=$PATH:
datasoft@\c:~$echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:
datasoft@\c:~$
Your path might be different when using su instead of su - because the latter will take on the environment of the target user. The root user typically has /sbin directories added to the $PATH variable.
env
The env command without options will display a list of exported variables. The difference with set with options is that set lists all variables, including those not exported to child shells. But env can also be used to start a clean shell (a shell without any inherited environment). The env -i command clears the environment for the subshell.
Notice in this screenshot that bash will set the $SHELL variable on startup.
datasoft@\c:~$ bash -c 'echo $SHELL $HOME $USER'
/bin/bash /home/datasoft datasoft
datasoft@\c:~$ env -i bash -c 'echo $SHELL $HOME $USER'
/bin/bash
datasoft@\c:~$
You can use the env command to set the $LANG, or any other, variable for just one instance of bash with one command. The example below uses this to show the influence of the $LANG variable on file globbing (see the chapter on file globbing).
datasoft@\c:~$ env LANG=en_US.UTF-8 bash -c 'ls File[a-z]'
FileA FileB
datasoft@\c:~$
export
You can export shell variables to other shells with the export command. This will export the variable to child shells.
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ var1=Ram
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ var2=Shyam
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ export var2
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $var1 $var2
Ram Shyam
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ bash
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $var1 $var2
Shyam
But it will not export to the parent shell (previous screenshot continued).
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ export var3=Madhu
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $var1 $var2 $var3
Shyam Madhu
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ exit
exit
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $var1 $var2 $var3
Ram Shyam madhu
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$
delineate variables
Until now, we have seen that bash interprets a variable starting from a dollar sign, continuing until the first occurrence of a non-alphanumeric character that is not an underscore. In some situations, this can be a problem. This issue can be resolved with curly braces like in this example.
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ prefix=Good
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo very $prefixman and $prefixgirl
very and
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo very ${prefix}man and ${prefix}girl
very Goodman and Goodgirl
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$
unbound variables
The example below tries to display the value of the $MyVar variable, but it fails because the variable does not exist. By default the shell will display nothing when a variable is unbound (does not exist).
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $MyVar
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$
There is, however, the nounset shell option that you can use to generate an error when a variable does not exist.
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ set -u
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $Myvar
bash: Myvar: unbound variable
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ set +u
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $Myvar
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$
In the bash shell set -u is identical to set -o nounset and likewise set +u is identical to set +o nounset.
shell embedding
Shells can be embedded on the command line, or in other words, the command line scan can spawn new processes containing a fork of the current shell. You can use variables to prove that new shells are created. In the screenshot below, the variable $var1 only exists in the (temporary) sub shell.
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $var6
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $ {var6=6;echo $var6}
$ {var6=6
}
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $var6
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$
You can embed a shell in an embedded shell, this is called nested embedding of shells.
This screenshot shows an embedded shell inside an embedded shell.
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ A=shell
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $C$B$A ${B=sub;echo $C$B$A; echo ${C=sub;echo >$C$B$A}}
shell sub;echo shell; echo sub;echo >shell
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$
backticks
Single embedding can be useful to avoid changing your current directory. The screenshot below uses backticks instead of dollar-bracket to embed.
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo cd /etc; ls -d * | grep pass
cd /etc
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$
You can only use the $() notation to nest embedded shells, backticks cannot do this.
backticks or single quotes
Placing the embedding between backticks uses one character less than the dollar and parenthesis combo. Be careful however, backticks are often confused with single quotes. The technical difference between ' and ` is significant!
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo 'cd /etc; ls -d * | grep pass'
cd /etc; ls -d * | grep pass
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$
shell options
Both set and unset are builtin shell commands. They can be used to set options of the bash shell itself. The next example will clarify this. By default, the shell will treat unset variables as a variable having no value. By setting the -u option, the shell will treat any reference to unset variables as an error. See the man page of bash for more information.
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $varabc
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ set -u
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $varabc
bash: varabc: unbound variable
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ set +u
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $varabc
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$
To list all the set options for your shell, use echo $-. The noclobber (or -C) option will be explained later in this tutorial (in the I/O redirection chapter).
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $-
himuBH
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ set -C ; set -u
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $-
himuBCH
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ set +C ; set +u
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$ echo $-
himBH
datasoft @ datasoft-linux ~$
When typing set without options, you get a list of all variables without function when the shell is on posix mode. You can set bash in posix mode typing set -o posix.
Exercise, Practice and Solution:
1. Use echo to display Hello followed by your username. (use a bash variable!)
Code:
echo Hello $USER
2. Create a variable answer with a value of 82.
Code:
answer=82
3. Copy the value of $LANG to $MyLANG.
Code:
MyLANG=$LANG
4. List all current shell variables.
Code:
set
set|more on Ubuntu/Debian
5. List all exported shell variables.
Code:
env
6. Do the env and set commands display your variable ?
Code:
env | more
set | more
7. Destroy your answer variable.
Code:
unset answer
8. Create two variables, and export one of them.
Code:
var1=1; export var2=2
9. Display the exported variable in an interactive child shell.
Code:
bash
echo $var2
10. Create a variable, give it the value 'Dumb', create another variable with value 'do'. Use echo and the two variables to echo Dumbledore.
Code:
varx=Dumb; vary=do
echo ${varx}le${vary}re
solution by Yves from Dexia : echo $varx'le'$vary're'
solution by Erwin from Telenet : echo "$varx"le"$vary"re
11. Find the list of backslash escaped characters in the manual of bash. Add the time to your PS1 prompt.
Code:
PS1='\t \u@\h \W$ '
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